Payment Options
You have two choices: pay in full or finance over time. If you finance, the total cost of the car increases.
That's because you're also paying for the cost of credit, which includes interest and other loan costs. You'll
also have to consider how much you can put down, your monthly payment, the length of the loan, and the
annual percentage rate (APR). Keep in mind that annual percentage rates usually are higher and loan
periods generally are shorter on used cars than on new ones.
Dealers and lenders offer a variety of loan terms and payment schedules. Shop around, compare offers,
and negotiate the best deal you can. Be cautious about advertisements offering financing to first-time
buyers or people with bad credit. These offers often require a big down payment and a high APR. If you
agree to financing that carries a high APR, you may be taking a big risk. If you decide to sell the car before
the loan expires, the amount you receive from the sale may be far less than the amount you need to pay off
Information on buying a Used Vehicle
Buying a Used Car
Before you start shopping for a car, you'll need to do some homework.
Spending time now may save you serious money later. Think about your driving habits,
your needs, and your budget. You can learn about car models, options, and prices by
reading newspaper ads, both display and classified. There is a wealth of information
about used cars on the Internet: enter "used car" as the key words and you'll find
additional information on how to buy a used car, detailed instructions for conducting a
pre-purchase inspection, and ads for cars available for sale, among other information.
Libraries and book stores also have publications that compare car models, options, and
costs, and offer information about frequency-of-repair records, safety tests, and mileage.
Many of these publications have details on the do's and don'ts of buying a used car.
Before you start shopping for a car, you'll need to do some homework.
Spending time now may save you serious money later. Think about your driving habits,
your needs, and your budget. You can learn about car models, options, and prices by
reading newspaper ads, both display and classified. There is a wealth of information
about used cars on the Internet: enter "used car" as the key words and you'll find
additional information on how to buy a used car, detailed instructions for conducting a
pre-purchase inspection, and ads for cars available for sale, among other information.
Libraries and book stores also have publications that compare car models, options, and
costs, and offer information about frequency-of-repair records, safety tests, and mileage.
Many of these publications have details on the do's and don'ts of buying a used car.
the loan. If the car is repossessed or declared a total loss because of an accident, you
may be obligated to pay a considerable amount to repay the loan even after the
proceeds from the sale of the car or the insurance payment have been deducted. If your
budget is tight, you may want to consider paying cash for a less expensive car than you
first had in mind.
If you decide to finance, make sure you understand the following aspects of the loan
agreement before you sign any documents:
the exact price you're paying for the vehicle;
the amount you're financing;
the finance charge (the dollar amount the credit will cost you);
may be obligated to pay a considerable amount to repay the loan even after the
proceeds from the sale of the car or the insurance payment have been deducted. If your
budget is tight, you may want to consider paying cash for a less expensive car than you
first had in mind.
If you decide to finance, make sure you understand the following aspects of the loan
agreement before you sign any documents:
the exact price you're paying for the vehicle;
the amount you're financing;
the finance charge (the dollar amount the credit will cost you);
the APR (a measure of the cost of credit, expressed as a yearly rate);
the number and amount of payments; and
the total sales price (the sum of the monthly payments plus the down payment).
Dealer Sales
Used cars are sold through a variety of outlets: franchise and independent dealers, rental car companies,
leasing companies, and used car superstores. You can even buy a used car on the Internet. Ask friends,
relatives, and co-workers for recommendations. You may want to call your local consumer protection
agency, state Attorney General (AG), and the Better Business Bureau (BBB) to find out if any unresolved
complaints are on file about a particular dealer.
Some dealers are attracting customers with "no-haggle prices," "factory certified" used cars, and better
the number and amount of payments; and
the total sales price (the sum of the monthly payments plus the down payment).
Dealer Sales
Used cars are sold through a variety of outlets: franchise and independent dealers, rental car companies,
leasing companies, and used car superstores. You can even buy a used car on the Internet. Ask friends,
relatives, and co-workers for recommendations. You may want to call your local consumer protection
agency, state Attorney General (AG), and the Better Business Bureau (BBB) to find out if any unresolved
complaints are on file about a particular dealer.
Some dealers are attracting customers with "no-haggle prices," "factory certified" used cars, and better
warranties. Consider the dealer's reputation when you evaluate these ads.
Dealers are not required by law to give used car buyers a three-day right to cancel. The
right to return the car in a few days for a refund exists only if the dealer grants this
privilege to buyers. Dealers may describe the right to cancel as a "cooling-off" period, a
money-back guarantee, or a "no questions asked" return policy. Before you purchase
from a dealer, ask about the dealer's return policy, get it in writing and read it carefully.
The Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) Used Car Rule requires dealers to post a Buyers
Guide in every used car they offer for sale. This includes light-duty vans, light-duty trucks,
demonstrators, and program cars. Demonstrators are new cars that have not been
owned, leased, or used as rentals, but have been driven by dealer staff. Program cars
Dealers are not required by law to give used car buyers a three-day right to cancel. The
right to return the car in a few days for a refund exists only if the dealer grants this
privilege to buyers. Dealers may describe the right to cancel as a "cooling-off" period, a
money-back guarantee, or a "no questions asked" return policy. Before you purchase
from a dealer, ask about the dealer's return policy, get it in writing and read it carefully.
The Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) Used Car Rule requires dealers to post a Buyers
Guide in every used car they offer for sale. This includes light-duty vans, light-duty trucks,
demonstrators, and program cars. Demonstrators are new cars that have not been
owned, leased, or used as rentals, but have been driven by dealer staff. Program cars
are low-mileage, current-model-year vehicles returned from short-term leases or rentals. Buyers Guides do
not have to be posted on motorcycles and most recreational vehicles. Anyone who sells less than six cars a
year doesn't have to post a Buyers Guide.
The Buyers Guide must tell you:
whether the vehicle is being sold "as is" or with a warranty;
what percentage of the repair costs a dealer will pay under the warranty;
that spoken promises are difficult to enforce;
to get all promises in writing;
to keep the Buyers Guide for reference after the sale;
the major mechanical and electrical systems on the car, including some of the major problems you should
not have to be posted on motorcycles and most recreational vehicles. Anyone who sells less than six cars a
year doesn't have to post a Buyers Guide.
The Buyers Guide must tell you:
whether the vehicle is being sold "as is" or with a warranty;
what percentage of the repair costs a dealer will pay under the warranty;
that spoken promises are difficult to enforce;
to get all promises in writing;
to keep the Buyers Guide for reference after the sale;
the major mechanical and electrical systems on the car, including some of the major problems you should
look out for; and
to ask to have the car inspected by an independent mechanic before you buy.
When you buy a used car from a dealer, get the original Buyers Guide that was posted in
the vehicle, or a copy. The Guide must reflect any negotiated changes in warranty
coverage. It also becomes part of your sales contract and overrides any contrary
provisions. For example, if the Buyers Guide says the car comes with a warranty and the
contract says the car is sold "as is," the dealer must give you the warranty described in
the Guide.
As Is - No Warranty
When the dealer offers a vehicle "as is," the box next to the "As Is - No Warranty"
disclosure on the Buyers Guide must be checked. If the box is checked but the dealer
to ask to have the car inspected by an independent mechanic before you buy.
When you buy a used car from a dealer, get the original Buyers Guide that was posted in
the vehicle, or a copy. The Guide must reflect any negotiated changes in warranty
coverage. It also becomes part of your sales contract and overrides any contrary
provisions. For example, if the Buyers Guide says the car comes with a warranty and the
contract says the car is sold "as is," the dealer must give you the warranty described in
the Guide.
As Is - No Warranty
When the dealer offers a vehicle "as is," the box next to the "As Is - No Warranty"
disclosure on the Buyers Guide must be checked. If the box is checked but the dealer
promises to repair the vehicle or cancel the sale if you're not satisfied, make sure the promise is written on
the Buyers Guide. Otherwise, you may have a hard time getting the dealer to make good on his word. Some
states, including Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey,
New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, don't allow "as is" sales for
many used vehicles.
Three states - Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Washington - require different disclosures than those on the
Buyers Guide. If the dealer fails to provide proper state disclosures, the sale is not "as is." To find out what
disclosures are required for "as is" sales in your state, contact your state Attorney General.
the Buyers Guide. Otherwise, you may have a hard time getting the dealer to make good on his word. Some
states, including Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey,
New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, don't allow "as is" sales for
many used vehicles.
Three states - Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Washington - require different disclosures than those on the
Buyers Guide. If the dealer fails to provide proper state disclosures, the sale is not "as is." To find out what
disclosures are required for "as is" sales in your state, contact your state Attorney General.
Implied Warranties
State laws hold dealers responsible if cars they sell don't meet reasonable quality
standards. These obligations are called implied warranties - unspoken, unwritten promises
from the seller to the buyer. However, dealers in most states can use the words "as is" or
"with all faults" in a written notice to buyers to eliminate implied warranties. There is no
specified time period for implied warranties.
Warranty of Merchantability
The most common type of implied warranty is the warranty of merchantability: The seller
promises that the product offered for sale will do what it's supposed to. That a car will run
is an example of a warranty of merchantability. This promise applies to the basic functions
of a car. It does not cover everything that could go wrong.
State laws hold dealers responsible if cars they sell don't meet reasonable quality
standards. These obligations are called implied warranties - unspoken, unwritten promises
from the seller to the buyer. However, dealers in most states can use the words "as is" or
"with all faults" in a written notice to buyers to eliminate implied warranties. There is no
specified time period for implied warranties.
Warranty of Merchantability
The most common type of implied warranty is the warranty of merchantability: The seller
promises that the product offered for sale will do what it's supposed to. That a car will run
is an example of a warranty of merchantability. This promise applies to the basic functions
of a car. It does not cover everything that could go wrong.
Breakdowns and other problems after the sale don't prove the seller breached the warranty of
merchantability. A breach occurs only if the buyer can prove that a defect existed at the time of sale. A
problem that occurs after the sale may be the result of a defect that existed at the time of sale or not. As a
result, a dealer's liability is judged case by case.
Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose
A warranty of fitness for a particular purpose applies when you buy a vehicle based on the dealer's advice
that it is suitable for a particular use. For example, a dealer who suggests you buy a specific vehicle for
hauling a trailer in effect is promising that the vehicle will be suitable for that purpose.
If you have a written warranty that doesn't cover your problems, you still may have coverage through implied
merchantability. A breach occurs only if the buyer can prove that a defect existed at the time of sale. A
problem that occurs after the sale may be the result of a defect that existed at the time of sale or not. As a
result, a dealer's liability is judged case by case.
Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose
A warranty of fitness for a particular purpose applies when you buy a vehicle based on the dealer's advice
that it is suitable for a particular use. For example, a dealer who suggests you buy a specific vehicle for
hauling a trailer in effect is promising that the vehicle will be suitable for that purpose.
If you have a written warranty that doesn't cover your problems, you still may have coverage through implied
warranties. That's because when a dealer sells a vehicle with a written warranty or service
contract, implied warranties are included automatically. The dealer can't delete this
protection. Any limit on an implied warranty's time must be included on the written
warranty.
In states that don't allow "as is" sales, an "Implied Warranties Only" disclosure is printed
on the Buyers Guide in place of the "As Is" disclosure. The box beside this disclosure will
be checked if the dealer decides to sell the car with no written warranty.
In states that do allow "as is" sales, the "Implied Warranties Only" disclosure should
appear on the Buyers Guide if the dealer decides to sell a vehicle with implied warranties
and no written warranty. A copy of the Buyers Guide with the "Implied Warranties Only"
disclosure is available at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/resources/forms/buyers.pdf.
contract, implied warranties are included automatically. The dealer can't delete this
protection. Any limit on an implied warranty's time must be included on the written
warranty.
In states that don't allow "as is" sales, an "Implied Warranties Only" disclosure is printed
on the Buyers Guide in place of the "As Is" disclosure. The box beside this disclosure will
be checked if the dealer decides to sell the car with no written warranty.
In states that do allow "as is" sales, the "Implied Warranties Only" disclosure should
appear on the Buyers Guide if the dealer decides to sell a vehicle with implied warranties
and no written warranty. A copy of the Buyers Guide with the "Implied Warranties Only"
disclosure is available at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/resources/forms/buyers.pdf.
Dealers who offer a written warranty must complete the warranty section of the Buyers Guide. Because
terms and conditions vary, it may be useful to compare and negotiate coverage.
Dealers may offer a full or limited warranty on all or some of a vehicle's systems or components. Most used
car warranties are limited and their coverage varies. A full warranty includes the following terms and
conditions:
Anyone who owns the vehicle during the warranty period is entitled to warranty service.
Warranty service will be provided free of charge, including such costs as removing and reinstalling a
covered system.
You have the choice of a replacement or a full refund if, after a reasonable number of
tries, the dealer cannot repair the vehicle or a covered system.
You only have to tell the dealer that warranty service is needed in order to get it, unless
the dealer can prove that it is reasonable to require you to do more.
Implied warranties have no time limits.
If any of these statements don't apply, the warranty is limited.
A full or limited warranty doesn't have to cover the entire vehicle. The dealer may specify
that only certain systems are covered. Some parts or systems may be covered by a full
warranty; others by a limited warranty.
The dealer must check the appropriate box on the Buyers Guide to indicate whether the
warranty is full or limited and the dealer must include the following information in the
tries, the dealer cannot repair the vehicle or a covered system.
You only have to tell the dealer that warranty service is needed in order to get it, unless
the dealer can prove that it is reasonable to require you to do more.
Implied warranties have no time limits.
If any of these statements don't apply, the warranty is limited.
A full or limited warranty doesn't have to cover the entire vehicle. The dealer may specify
that only certain systems are covered. Some parts or systems may be covered by a full
warranty; others by a limited warranty.
The dealer must check the appropriate box on the Buyers Guide to indicate whether the
warranty is full or limited and the dealer must include the following information in the
"Warranty" section:
the percentage of the repair cost that the dealer will pay. For example, "the dealer will pay 100 percent of
the labor and 100 percent of the parts . . .";
the specific parts and systems - such as the frame, body, or brake system - that are covered by the
warranty. The back of the Buyers Guide lists the major systems where problems may occur;
the warranty term for each covered system. For example, "30 days or 1,000 miles, whichever comes first";
and
whether there's a deductible and, if so, how much.
You have the right to see a copy of the dealer's warranty before you buy. Review it carefully to determine
what is covered. The warranty gives detailed information, such as how to get repairs for a covered system or
the percentage of the repair cost that the dealer will pay. For example, "the dealer will pay 100 percent of
the labor and 100 percent of the parts . . .";
the specific parts and systems - such as the frame, body, or brake system - that are covered by the
warranty. The back of the Buyers Guide lists the major systems where problems may occur;
the warranty term for each covered system. For example, "30 days or 1,000 miles, whichever comes first";
and
whether there's a deductible and, if so, how much.
You have the right to see a copy of the dealer's warranty before you buy. Review it carefully to determine
what is covered. The warranty gives detailed information, such as how to get repairs for a covered system or
part. It also tells who is legally responsible for fulfilling the terms of the warranty. If it's a
third party, investigate their reputation and whether they're insured. Find out the name of
the insurer, and call to verify the information. Then check out the third-party company with
your local Better Business Bureau. That's not foolproof, but it is prudent. Make sure you
receive a copy of the dealer's warranty document if you buy a car that is offered with a
warranty.
Unexpired Manufacturer's Warranties
If the manufacturer's warranty still is in effect, the dealer may include it in the "systems
covered/duration" section of the Buyers Guide. To make sure you can take advantage of
the coverage, ask the dealer for the car's warranty documents. Verify the information
(what's covered, expiration date/miles, and necessary paperwork) by calling the
manufacturer's zone office. Make sure you have the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
third party, investigate their reputation and whether they're insured. Find out the name of
the insurer, and call to verify the information. Then check out the third-party company with
your local Better Business Bureau. That's not foolproof, but it is prudent. Make sure you
receive a copy of the dealer's warranty document if you buy a car that is offered with a
warranty.
Unexpired Manufacturer's Warranties
If the manufacturer's warranty still is in effect, the dealer may include it in the "systems
covered/duration" section of the Buyers Guide. To make sure you can take advantage of
the coverage, ask the dealer for the car's warranty documents. Verify the information
(what's covered, expiration date/miles, and necessary paperwork) by calling the
manufacturer's zone office. Make sure you have the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)
when you call.
Service Contracts
Like a warranty, a service contract provides repair and/or maintenance for a specific period. But warranties
are included in the price of a product, while service contracts cost extra and are sold separately. To decide if
you need a service contract, consider whether:
the service contract duplicates warranty coverage or offers protection that begins after the warranty runs
out. Does the service contract extend beyond the time you expect to own the car? If so, is the service
contract transferable or is a shorter contract available?
the vehicle is likely to need repairs and their potential costs. You can determine the value of a service
Service Contracts
Like a warranty, a service contract provides repair and/or maintenance for a specific period. But warranties
are included in the price of a product, while service contracts cost extra and are sold separately. To decide if
you need a service contract, consider whether:
the service contract duplicates warranty coverage or offers protection that begins after the warranty runs
out. Does the service contract extend beyond the time you expect to own the car? If so, is the service
contract transferable or is a shorter contract available?
the vehicle is likely to need repairs and their potential costs. You can determine the value of a service
contract by figuring whether the cost of repairs is likely to exceed the price of the contract.
the service contract covers all parts and systems. Check out all claims carefully. For
example, "bumper to bumper" coverage may not mean what you think.
a deductible is required and, if so, the amount and terms.
the contract covers incidental expenses, such as towing and rental car charges while your
car is being serviced.
repairs and routine maintenance, such as oil changes, have to be done at the dealer.
there's a cancellation and refund policy for the service contract and, whether there are
cancellation fees.
the dealer or company offering the service contract is reputable. Read the contract
carefully to determine who is legally responsible for fulfilling the terms of the contract.
Some dealers sell third-party service contracts.
The dealer must check the appropriate box on the Buyers Guide if a service contract is
the service contract covers all parts and systems. Check out all claims carefully. For
example, "bumper to bumper" coverage may not mean what you think.
a deductible is required and, if so, the amount and terms.
the contract covers incidental expenses, such as towing and rental car charges while your
car is being serviced.
repairs and routine maintenance, such as oil changes, have to be done at the dealer.
there's a cancellation and refund policy for the service contract and, whether there are
cancellation fees.
the dealer or company offering the service contract is reputable. Read the contract
carefully to determine who is legally responsible for fulfilling the terms of the contract.
Some dealers sell third-party service contracts.
The dealer must check the appropriate box on the Buyers Guide if a service contract is
offered, except in states where service contracts are regulated by insurance laws. If the Guide doesn't
include a service contract reference and you're interested in buying one, ask the salesperson for more
information.
If you buy a service contract from the dealer within 90 days of buying a used vehicle, federal law prohibits
the dealer from eliminating implied warranties on the systems covered in the contract. For example, if you
buy a car "as is," the car normally is not covered by implied warranties. But if you buy a service contract
covering the engine, you automatically get implied warranties on the engine. These may give you protection
beyond the scope of the service contract. Make sure you get written confirmation that your service contract
is in effect.
include a service contract reference and you're interested in buying one, ask the salesperson for more
information.
If you buy a service contract from the dealer within 90 days of buying a used vehicle, federal law prohibits
the dealer from eliminating implied warranties on the systems covered in the contract. For example, if you
buy a car "as is," the car normally is not covered by implied warranties. But if you buy a service contract
covering the engine, you automatically get implied warranties on the engine. These may give you protection
beyond the scope of the service contract. Make sure you get written confirmation that your service contract
is in effect.
Spoken Promises
The Buyers Guide cautions you not to rely on spoken promises. They are difficult to
enforce because there may not be any way for a court to determine with any confidence
what was said. Get all promises written into the Guide.
Pre-Purchase Independent Inspection
It's best to have any used car inspected by an independent mechanic before you buy it.
For about $100 or less, you'll get a general indication of the mechanical condition of the
vehicle. An inspection is a good idea even if the car has been "certified" and inspected by
the dealer and is being sold with a warranty or service contract. A mechanical inspection is
different from a safety inspection. Safety inspections usually focus on conditions that
make a car unsafe to drive. They are not designed to determine the overall reliability or
mechanical condition of a vehicle.
The Buyers Guide cautions you not to rely on spoken promises. They are difficult to
enforce because there may not be any way for a court to determine with any confidence
what was said. Get all promises written into the Guide.
Pre-Purchase Independent Inspection
It's best to have any used car inspected by an independent mechanic before you buy it.
For about $100 or less, you'll get a general indication of the mechanical condition of the
vehicle. An inspection is a good idea even if the car has been "certified" and inspected by
the dealer and is being sold with a warranty or service contract. A mechanical inspection is
different from a safety inspection. Safety inspections usually focus on conditions that
make a car unsafe to drive. They are not designed to determine the overall reliability or
mechanical condition of a vehicle.
To find a pre-purchase inspection facility, check your Yellow Pages under "Automotive Diagnostic Service" or
ask friends, relatives, and co-workers for referrals. Look for facilities that display certifications like an
Automotive Service Excellence (ASE) seal. Certification indicates that some or all of the technicians meet
basic standards of knowledge and competence in specific technical areas. Make sure the certifications are
current, but remember that certification alone is no guarantee of good or honest work. Also ask to see
current licenses if state or local law requires such facilities to be licensed or registered. Check with your state
Attorney General's office or local consumer protection agency to find out whether there's a record of
complaints about particular facilities.
There are no standard operating procedures for pre-purchase inspections. Ask what the inspection includes,
how long it takes, and how much it costs. Get this information in writing.
If the dealer won't let you take the car off the lot, perhaps because of insurance
restrictions, you may be able to find a mobile inspection service that will go to the dealer.
If that's not an option, ask the dealer to have the car inspected at a facility you designate.
You will have to pay the inspection fee.
Once the vehicle has been inspected, ask the mechanic for a written report with a cost
estimate for all necessary repairs. Be sure the report includes the vehicle's make, model,
and VIN. Make sure you understand every item. If you decide to make a purchase offer to
the dealer after considering the inspection's results, you can use the estimated repair
costs to negotiate the price of the vehicle.
If the dealer won't let you take the car off the lot, perhaps because of insurance
restrictions, you may be able to find a mobile inspection service that will go to the dealer.
If that's not an option, ask the dealer to have the car inspected at a facility you designate.
You will have to pay the inspection fee.
Once the vehicle has been inspected, ask the mechanic for a written report with a cost
estimate for all necessary repairs. Be sure the report includes the vehicle's make, model,
and VIN. Make sure you understand every item. If you decide to make a purchase offer to
the dealer after considering the inspection's results, you can use the estimated repair
costs to negotiate the price of the vehicle.
Vehicle Systems
The Buyers Guide lists an auto's 14 major systems and some serious problems that may occur in each. This
list may help you and your mechanic evaluate the mechanical condition of the vehicle. The list also may help
you compare warranties offered on different cars or by different dealers.
Dealer Identification and Consumer Complaint Information
The back of the Buyers Guide lists the name and address of the dealership. It also gives the name and
telephone number of the person you should contact at the dealership if you have problems or complaints
after the sale.
The Buyers Guide lists an auto's 14 major systems and some serious problems that may occur in each. This
list may help you and your mechanic evaluate the mechanical condition of the vehicle. The list also may help
you compare warranties offered on different cars or by different dealers.
Dealer Identification and Consumer Complaint Information
The back of the Buyers Guide lists the name and address of the dealership. It also gives the name and
telephone number of the person you should contact at the dealership if you have problems or complaints
after the sale.
Optional Signature Line
The dealer may include a buyer's signature line at the bottom of the Buyers Guide. If the
line is included, the following statement must be written or printed close to it: "I hereby
acknowledge receipt of the Buyers Guide at the closing of this sale." Your signature
means you received the Buyers Guide at closing. It does not mean that the dealer
complied with the Rule's other requirements, such as posting a Buyers Guide in all the
vehicles offered for sale.
Spanish Language Sales
If you buy a used car and the sales discussion is conducted in Spanish, you are entitled to
see and keep a Spanish-language version of the Buyers Guide.
The dealer may include a buyer's signature line at the bottom of the Buyers Guide. If the
line is included, the following statement must be written or printed close to it: "I hereby
acknowledge receipt of the Buyers Guide at the closing of this sale." Your signature
means you received the Buyers Guide at closing. It does not mean that the dealer
complied with the Rule's other requirements, such as posting a Buyers Guide in all the
vehicles offered for sale.
Spanish Language Sales
If you buy a used car and the sales discussion is conducted in Spanish, you are entitled to
see and keep a Spanish-language version of the Buyers Guide.
Private Sales
An alternative to buying from a dealer is buying from an individual. You may see ads in newspapers, on
bulletin boards, or on a car. Buying a car from a private party is very different from buying a car from a
dealer.
Private sellers generally are not covered by the Used Car Rule and don't have to use the Buyers Guide.
However, you can use the Guide's list of an auto's major systems as a shopping tool. You also can ask the
seller if you can have the vehicle inspected by your mechanic.
Private sales usually are not covered by the "implied warranties" of state law. That means a private sale
probably will be on an "as is" basis, unless your purchase agreement with the seller specifically states
otherwise. If you have a written contract, the seller must live up to the promises stated in the contract. The
An alternative to buying from a dealer is buying from an individual. You may see ads in newspapers, on
bulletin boards, or on a car. Buying a car from a private party is very different from buying a car from a
dealer.
Private sellers generally are not covered by the Used Car Rule and don't have to use the Buyers Guide.
However, you can use the Guide's list of an auto's major systems as a shopping tool. You also can ask the
seller if you can have the vehicle inspected by your mechanic.
Private sales usually are not covered by the "implied warranties" of state law. That means a private sale
probably will be on an "as is" basis, unless your purchase agreement with the seller specifically states
otherwise. If you have a written contract, the seller must live up to the promises stated in the contract. The
car also may be covered by a manufacturer's warranty or a separately purchased service
contract. However, warranties and service contracts may not be transferable, and other
limits or costs may apply. Before you buy the car, ask to review its warranty or service
contract. Many states do not require individuals to ensure that their vehicles will pass
state inspection or carry a minimum warranty before they offer them for sale. Ask your
state Attorney General's office or local consumer protection agency about the
requirements in your state.
Before You Buy a Used Car
Whether you buy a used car from a dealer, a co-worker, or a neighbor, follow these tips
to learn as much as you can about the car:
Examine the car yourself using an inspection checklist. You can find a checklist in many
of the magazine articles, books, and Internet sites that deal with buying a used car.
contract. However, warranties and service contracts may not be transferable, and other
limits or costs may apply. Before you buy the car, ask to review its warranty or service
contract. Many states do not require individuals to ensure that their vehicles will pass
state inspection or carry a minimum warranty before they offer them for sale. Ask your
state Attorney General's office or local consumer protection agency about the
requirements in your state.
Before You Buy a Used Car
Whether you buy a used car from a dealer, a co-worker, or a neighbor, follow these tips
to learn as much as you can about the car:
Examine the car yourself using an inspection checklist. You can find a checklist in many
of the magazine articles, books, and Internet sites that deal with buying a used car.
Test drive the car under varied road conditions - on hills, highways, and in stop-and-go traffic.
Ask for the car's maintenance record. If the owner doesn't have copies, contact the dealership or repair
shop where most of the work was done. They may share their files with you.
Talk to the previous owner, especially if the present owner is unfamiliar with the car's history.
Have the car inspected by a mechanic you hire.
Research the frequency of repair and maintenance costs on the models in auto-related consumer
magazines. The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Vehicle Safety Hotline (1-888-327-4236) and website
www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov gives information on recalls.
Check a trusted database service that gathers information from state and local authorities, salvage yards,
and insurance companies for an independent and efficient review of a vehicle’s history. For example, the
Department of Justice’s National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS) at www.nmvtis.gov is an
Ask for the car's maintenance record. If the owner doesn't have copies, contact the dealership or repair
shop where most of the work was done. They may share their files with you.
Talk to the previous owner, especially if the present owner is unfamiliar with the car's history.
Have the car inspected by a mechanic you hire.
Research the frequency of repair and maintenance costs on the models in auto-related consumer
magazines. The U.S. Department of Transportation’s Vehicle Safety Hotline (1-888-327-4236) and website
www-odi.nhtsa.dot.gov gives information on recalls.
Check a trusted database service that gathers information from state and local authorities, salvage yards,
and insurance companies for an independent and efficient review of a vehicle’s history. For example, the
Department of Justice’s National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS) at www.nmvtis.gov is an
online system that offers accurate information about a vehicle’s title, odometer data, and
certain damage history. Expect to pay up to $4 per report. The National Insurance Crime
Bureau (NICB) at www.nicb.org maintains a free database that includes flood damage and
other information so people can investigate a car’s history by its vehicle identification
number (VIN).
If You Have Problems
If you have a problem that you think is covered by a warranty or service contract, follow
the instructions to get service. If a dispute arises, there are several steps you can take:
Try to work it out with the dealer. Talk with the salesperson or, if necessary, the owner of
the dealership. Many problems can be resolved at this level. However, if you believe
you're entitled to service, but the dealer disagrees, you can take other steps.
If your warranty is backed by a car manufacturer, contact the local representative of the
certain damage history. Expect to pay up to $4 per report. The National Insurance Crime
Bureau (NICB) at www.nicb.org maintains a free database that includes flood damage and
other information so people can investigate a car’s history by its vehicle identification
number (VIN).
If You Have Problems
If you have a problem that you think is covered by a warranty or service contract, follow
the instructions to get service. If a dispute arises, there are several steps you can take:
Try to work it out with the dealer. Talk with the salesperson or, if necessary, the owner of
the dealership. Many problems can be resolved at this level. However, if you believe
you're entitled to service, but the dealer disagrees, you can take other steps.
If your warranty is backed by a car manufacturer, contact the local representative of the
manufacturer. The local or zone representative is authorized to adjust and decide about warranty service
and repairs to satisfy customers. Some manufacturers also are willing to repair certain problems in specific
models for free, even if the manufacturer's warranty does not cover the problem. Ask the manufacturer's
zone representative or the service department of a franchised dealership that sells your car model whether
there is such a policy.
Contact your local Better Business Bureau, state Attorney General, or state Department of Motor Vehicles.
You also might consider using a dispute resolution organization to arbitrate your disagreement if you and the
dealer are willing. Under the terms of many warranties, this may be a required first step before you can sue
the dealer or manufacturer. Check your warranty to see if this is the case. If you bought your car from a
franchised dealer, you may be able to seek mediation through the Automotive Consumer Action Program
(AUTOCAP), a dispute resolution program coordinated nationally by the National Automobile Dealers
and repairs to satisfy customers. Some manufacturers also are willing to repair certain problems in specific
models for free, even if the manufacturer's warranty does not cover the problem. Ask the manufacturer's
zone representative or the service department of a franchised dealership that sells your car model whether
there is such a policy.
Contact your local Better Business Bureau, state Attorney General, or state Department of Motor Vehicles.
You also might consider using a dispute resolution organization to arbitrate your disagreement if you and the
dealer are willing. Under the terms of many warranties, this may be a required first step before you can sue
the dealer or manufacturer. Check your warranty to see if this is the case. If you bought your car from a
franchised dealer, you may be able to seek mediation through the Automotive Consumer Action Program
(AUTOCAP), a dispute resolution program coordinated nationally by the National Automobile Dealers
Association and sponsored through state and local dealer associations in many cities.
Check with the dealer association in your area to see if they operate a mediation program.
If none of these steps is successful, small claims court is an option. Here, you can resolve
disputes involving small amounts of money, often without an attorney. The clerk of your
local small claims court can tell you how to file a suit and what the dollar limit is in your
state.
The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act also may be helpful. Under this federal law, you can
sue based on breach of express warranties, implied warranties, or a service contract. If
successful, consumers can recover reasonable attorneys' fees and other court costs. A
lawyer can advise you if this law applies.
Check out these publications from the FTC:
Auto Service Contracts
Check with the dealer association in your area to see if they operate a mediation program.
If none of these steps is successful, small claims court is an option. Here, you can resolve
disputes involving small amounts of money, often without an attorney. The clerk of your
local small claims court can tell you how to file a suit and what the dollar limit is in your
state.
The Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act also may be helpful. Under this federal law, you can
sue based on breach of express warranties, implied warranties, or a service contract. If
successful, consumers can recover reasonable attorneys' fees and other court costs. A
lawyer can advise you if this law applies.
Check out these publications from the FTC:
Auto Service Contracts
Buying a New Car
Car Ads: Reading Between the Lines
Taking the Scare Out of Auto Repair
The FTC works for the consumer to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices in the
marketplace and to provide information to help consumers spot, stop, and avoid them. To file a complaint or
to get free information on consumer issues, visit ftc.gov or call toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP
(1-877-382-4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters consumer complaints into the Consumer
Sentinel Network, a secure online database and investigative tool used by hundreds of civil and criminal law
enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
Car Ads: Reading Between the Lines
Taking the Scare Out of Auto Repair
The FTC works for the consumer to prevent fraudulent, deceptive, and unfair business practices in the
marketplace and to provide information to help consumers spot, stop, and avoid them. To file a complaint or
to get free information on consumer issues, visit ftc.gov or call toll-free, 1-877-FTC-HELP
(1-877-382-4357); TTY: 1-866-653-4261. The FTC enters consumer complaints into the Consumer
Sentinel Network, a secure online database and investigative tool used by hundreds of civil and criminal law
enforcement agencies in the U.S. and abroad.
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